2014年8月15日 星期五

麵包不能當飯吃!天然酵母麵包也不見得健康的3個 理由

麵包不能當飯吃!天然酵母麵包也不見得健康的3個 理由

http://www.everydayhealth.com.tw/article4932_%E6%97%A9%E9%A4%90%E7%9B%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%88%A5%E5%90%83%E9%BA%B5%E5%8C%85%EF%BC%81%E9%BA%B5%E5%8C%85%E4%B8%8D%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%843%E5%80%8B%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1.do

時間:2014-07-28 作者:
麵包不能當飯吃!天然酵母麵包也不見得健康的3個理由
剛出爐的麵包香熱可口,讓人經過麵包店時忍不住進去買幾個,當隔天早餐、午餐也好,麵包店可說是都市人的好朋友。然而2013年8月爆發的胖達人事件,讓社會大眾驚覺麵包店號稱使用「天然酵母、無添加人工香料」,竟也有可能是一場謊言!
Q.天然酵母、商業酵母,傻傻分不清楚?
A.商業酵母有助於大量生產品質一致的麵包,但是經驗不老道的麵包師傅或是沒良心的商家容易以人工添加物彌補麵包的缺陷,所以不健康!

麵粉及酵母是製作麵包的基本材料,看似簡單,你知道「天然酵母」和「商業酵母」的分別嗎?由於天然酵母需要花時間培養,需要經驗老道的麵包師傅來操作,也比較難控制成品的質量,許多商家會使用商業酵母。商業酵母也是從天然酵母而來,但是經過業者篩選、培育,可大量繁殖,因此也可以在短時間內發酵,製造一批麵包只需要1小時,當然成為增加麵包產量的首選。


基於商業酵母也是從天然酵母培養而 來,國內也沒有明文規定,許多使用商業酵母的商家也可能自稱使用天然酵母。一般來說,麵團若發酵時間過短、沒有完全發酵,烤成麵包吃了容易胃脹;若是烘焙 過的麵包塌陷,賣相、口感不佳,商家也容易利用人工添加物來彌補。如果將商業酵母麵包交由沒有良心的商家來操作,便很容易做出這種不健康的麵包。

Q.那麼使用天然酵母的麵包就一定健康嗎?
A.高糖、高油的天然酵母麵包,或是使用氫化植物油的麵包,一樣不健康。

陳俊旭醫師曾在《吃錯了,當然會生病!》一書中指出,現代飲食經常使用氫化植物油,也就是在常溫下呈液態的植物油裡加上氫原子,以及調味料、人工香料及素,讓植物油呈現如奶油一般的質感。人造奶油「乳瑪琳」及「植物性酥油」皆屬氫化植物油,許多人誤以為植物油比較健康,實則不然。

因為在植物油裡加上兩個氫原子,就是將原本的「順式脂肪酸」變成「反式脂肪酸」,相信看到「反式脂肪酸」,許多人都知道這不可能是健康食品了,更何況在製造過程中還有許多不知名的添加物。可是氫化植物油的穩定、不易氧化的特性卻讓商家十分愛用,無論是麵包、糕餅、油炸食品,都可能帶有氫化油。

陳俊旭醫師引用加拿大政府健康部門的實驗,顯示若母親吃了許多人造奶油、酥油製做的糕餅麵包,母乳中可能會含有超過7%的反式脂肪酸!反式脂肪酸在人體內無法被接受,將導致小朋友從小就出現生理功能障礙,例如血管破裂引起血管硬化、中風,罹癌風險也會增加,不可不慎。
Q.全天然成分的麵包就可以常常吃?

A.麵包也是澱粉類食物,每吃一片麵包,有如在白飯上淋糖淋油吃下肚!

如果你以為「只」吃麵包應該不會變胖,無添加物的麵包就可以照三餐吃,陳顯昌醫師建議淺嘗即止。因為麵包和白飯、麵條一樣,都是澱粉類精製食物,含有許多糖份,過度食用會使得血糖升高、中性脂肪增加,同樣有害健康。

若真的想吃麵包,吳宗修藥師認為應盡量選擇有機認證的食品,可以減少吃進不明食品添加物的機會。若要預防吃了麵包之後,血糖上升太快,應選擇全麥、法國麵包等未高度精製的麵包,並且適量食用,才能減輕身體負擔。

2014年8月13日 星期三

中醫如何看「素食夠不夠營養?」

中醫如何看「素食夠不夠營養?」

http://leeyuming.com/14-%E4%B8%AD%E9%86%AB%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E7%9C%8B%E3%80%8C%E7%B4%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%A4%A0%E4%B8%8D%E5%A4%A0%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%EF%BC%9F%E3%80%8D/

在上文《素食不夠營養?》中,已經從營養學的角度,反駁素食不夠營養的說法。這裏打算從中醫的角度,進一步討論「素食夠不夠營養」的問題。
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不講「營養」講甚麼?


首先,傳統中醫的角度,基本上沒有「營養」的概念。自古中國人都不講「營養的成份」,而只會講食物夠不夠豐富、是否充足,夠不夠飽,好不好吃…… 營養學是近代西醫學的附帶產物,隨著微觀還原論研究的發展,能夠分析每一種東西的「成份」,這就叫作營養了。古代無法作這種「分析」,就無法從這個角度討 論問題了。

古代飲食不講「營養」的話,還可以講甚麼?中醫更強調另一個問題,用現代的語言來說叫「吸收」能力,古代中醫則叫「受納運化」。試想看,就算是在現 代,很多在農村生活的人,飲食哪裡有這麼講究?哪裡按照營養學來選擇食物?他們就是種出甚麼了,就吃甚麼吧;又例如古代的人,肯定沒有營養學的概念,他們 怎麼吃飯的?就是好吃的就吃吧,儘量選擇能找到、喜歡好吃的食物,哪裡會想這個食物含有甚麼成份?

從中醫和傳統中國文化的角度看,更重視「內在」自身的修養。這就好像學習那樣,比如像「填鴨式教育」,天天給你灌輸大量有益知識,可是學生本身接受 不了、或者知識程度未夠,如何花錢去上課補習也沒用;但是,假如學生本身非常聰明勤奮,即使你在窮困的農村山區,沒有很好的教育環境,你也可以學有所成。



「素食不夠營養」的問題來自來「推卸責任」


說到這兒,或許大家也明白中醫怎麼看「素食夠不夠營養」這個問題了。「營養」是外來的東西,而中醫更強調人本身能否「吸收」營養,而不太在意營養本 身。假如身體健康,清茶淡飯也足夠養生,假如身體本身不好,多麼補的下去都沒用。這也是中醫有說「虛不受補」的說法,身體虛弱吃甚麼都未必能夠補上。

不是這樣嗎?很多長壽老人,其實飲食也是相當隨便簡單,又或者深山裏面的和尚,吃飯也極其清淡,不也是健康的生存著?素食夠不夠營養,中醫從根本處就不這 樣提問,而是反問:「你身體是否健康,能夠吸收足夠營養?」一個人夠不夠營養,中醫不把責任交給食物,而更著重自身健康與否。


這是中西醫學文化的差異。舉例說,例如西醫上的甲狀腺病,西醫比較傾向於用「碘質」吸收的太過或缺乏來解釋這種病,與沿海地區或內陸地區生活,食物含碘太 過或太少有關。中醫則不這樣看問題,不會單純用外在因素來解釋疾病,例如同樣生活在沿海地區的人,人們的飲食習慣相約,但為甚麼有人會得大頸泡,有人不 得?中醫更傾向於從自身去找尋答案,例如這一種病,就多與自身的情志、體質因素有關。





中醫不講營養講味道



再進一步討論,中醫不講「營養」,但是講「五味」,就是「酸苦甘辛咸」。五味是各種食物的基本味道,人人都吃,中醫認為「過猶不及」,五味都可以吃,只要不太過就行。假如是身體不健康了,則可以從五味的角度上,建議特別側重吃某一些方面的飲食,以幫助身體調整回正常狀態。

從這個角度看,五味的飲食調養,也是強調需要按個體的情況作建議,這是中醫強調「內在因素」的飲食養生特點。


但是,傳統中醫沒有說,必須要每一頓飯五味俱全,五味不等於「五種營養」,現在有一些養生書強調每一頓飯都要吃「五味」食物、「五色」食物,其實中醫沒有這樣的嚴格要求。再高層次一點說,中醫養生提倡飲食宜「清淡」,五味都不要濃烈,樸素簡單就是長壽的飲食方式了。




越是擔心會越不夠營養!



有些人剛開始吃素,只要身體出現一些小毛病,都會怪罪素食不夠營養所致。在這裡想指出一種現象——「越擔心素食不夠營養的人,則越容易出現不夠營養」,相反,假如不擔心自己營養不夠的人,則沒有這種問題。為甚麼會這樣呢?這裡嘗試用中醫的角度作一回答。

在飲食上,中醫強調「脾胃」關係,但很多人未必知道「脾胃」兩者各自做什麽工作。(中醫的脾胃,與西醫解剖學的脾臟胃臟的臟器概念完全不同呢。)

在中醫來看,「胃」是負責「腐熟水穀」的,就好像一個鍋一樣,當食物進入腸胃裏面了,胃就負責將食物「變熟」,變化成為「水穀精微」,通俗一點講就是變成人體的「氣血」、「營養」了。

但是,胃產生了這些氣血、營養以後,要帶走去周身才行,那就需要「脾」的幫助。《黃帝內經》指出「脾氣散精」,脾是負責將胃所產生的精氣、氣血、營 養,輸送到全身去,負責運輸、疏通的工作。換句話說,脾和胃的關係,用現在的話來說,有點像「消化」和「吸收」的兩方面功能,胃負責消化食物,而脾幫助周 身去吸收。

重點來了,一個人經常擔心的話,原來會影響整個「吸收」能力!在《黃帝內經》有兩句話說:「思傷脾」,思為何會傷脾呢?就是另一句話解釋了「思則氣 結」。就好像一個人很集中的想事情時,人的呼吸就不暢順,身體凝注不活動了。當一個人常常思慮過多,則使「脾氣散精」的功能受阻,就是說,儘管胃的消化能 力沒有問題,但是脾幫助疏通氣血的功能受阻了,脾氣不能將氣血帶到全身去,那麼自然吸收受阻,造成「不夠營養」的問題。中醫上說,這就叫「胃不虛而脾 虛」、「虛不受補」,或者現代的話可以說「能消化但不能吸收」。

總而言之,一個人本身容易擔心、思慮的人,開始吃素往往就會更加憂心忡忡、思前想後,後來造成營養不良,於是怪責素食不好。其實,這本身未必是食物的問題,而只是吃素這個選擇反而加重了自己的思慮而已,實際根本原因在於自信不足。

成語說「心廣體胖」,如不擔心吃素不夠營養的人,其實吃飯生活都很隨便,儘管吃得少也容易長胖。從這個角度看,擔心是沒用的,越是擔心素食不夠營養,則真的會越不夠營養!素食不單是飲食問題,素食講求樸素、內心清淨,原來我們心想甚麼,與飲食健康有密切關係。

食物寒熱真那麼重要嗎?

食物寒熱真那麼重要嗎?

http://leeyuming.com/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AF%92%E7%86%B1%E7%9C%9F%E9%82%A3%E9%BA%BC%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%97%8E%EF%BC%9F/
 
【李博士撰文】
不少人特別注重食物的寒熱,認為「寒底」的人不可吃寒性食物,「熱底」的熱人不可吃熱性食物,這種想法,未必符合傳統中醫的飲食觀!
寒熱食物

食物分寒熱的屬性,的確自古也有了,可是要否這麼嚴格,有些人只可以吃熱性或寒性食物?又或者說寒性食物一定要配搭熱性食物「中和」?這都未必是中醫的看法!

1. 你肯定自己是寒底或熱底嗎?

首先,我想肯定的指出,「寒底」、「熱底」一說,並非出自中醫!中醫上不會說你是甚麼「底子」的,這其實只是民間的一種說法(可參看報章訪問《糾正對中醫術語的誤解》)。
中醫上看,一個人的身體,很難會「完全的寒」和「完全的熱」!大部分人其實都是「寒熱並見」,例如有「上熱下寒」,或者「胃熱脾寒」、「腸熱宮寒」……身體不同的五臟六腑部位,其實可以有寒有熱!一個人身體的寒熱,若要考慮飲食上的選擇,肯定不是那麼絕對。
我常說一個冷笑話:一個人怎樣才是「寒底」?就是當他死掉了,已經放進了殮房的冰櫃之中…… 如果一個人是「熱底」的,那就是當他死掉了,火化了之後,那就完全是熱了!——記得,一個活的人,身體的寒熱不會那麼簡單。


2.大寒未必如你想象中那麼寒!

食物的寒熱,怎樣也不會「很寒很熱」!好像吃西瓜有人說是「大寒」,它相比中藥上「石膏」、「黃連」的大寒,那西瓜的寒只是小毛見大毛了!相對西瓜也只是「小寒」而已。
所謂「藥食同源」,藥物和食物本來都是透過「嘗試」去辨別其特性,但是後來為何分開了「藥物」和「食物」?就是因為「藥物」的特性偏頗較強,而食物趨於平和,就算食物有寒熱的特性,那也只是「雞蛋裡挑骨頭」的仔細斟酌而已。具體來說,比如用0分到1分去比較寒性:
0(平和)——————0.5(一般寒)——————1(大寒)
【食物】                                    【藥物】
假如說黃連、石膏是「大寒」的中藥,它就在1的位置上;可是同樣稱為「大寒」的「西瓜」,它只是最多在0.5或以下的位置上(還要看是甚麼西瓜呢)。藥物和食物雖然用上了同樣的「寒熱」名詞,但是其寒熱程度的含義是不同。
記得,寒熱多少還有吃多少的「量」問題!吃一片西瓜、跟一次吃完一個,這寒是差別很大的。


3. 不一定每頓飯都要寒熱調和

一個人身體裡面總是「寒熱並見」,你吃的食物,如果你真要講究,那就很複雜的問題了!除了要考慮每一種食物的寒熱之外,還要考慮食物的走向,知道食物能夠去到五臟六腑、身體的哪個部位,解決哪裡的寒熱問題!——當然,如果你真要這樣考慮每一頓飯,恐怕你連一頓飯都吃不下。
其實,簡單一點,今天吃了點熱氣東西,之後你再吃一些清涼東西,這也可以的,不一定要一頓飯中就「寒熱平衡」。比如你這頓飯吃多了辛辣食物,下一頓飯吃一些水果蔬菜,這是很自然正常的做法。健康人的身體,自然會告訴你怎樣吃最舒服。
不少人總是覺得,要將食物變得很平和,比如覺得煮寒涼的食物總要放一些生薑進去「調和寒熱」,其實,除非是身患重病的人,必須要飲食十分謹慎平穩,一般人實在不需要如此擔心。

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(上圖表取自網上。筆者認為,類似的食物寒熱表,中醫上的根據往往未夠充分,不明出處,製圖者亦未經過親身驗證,不宜盲從!)


4. 同時吃寒熱食物也不是問題

由於身體上「寒熱並見」的特性,一頓飯之中同時吃寒吃熱的食物,也不是問題!其實就算是中醫師處方,也經常寒藥熱藥同時使用,這就是因為一個人可以 同時有寒有熱!再次強調,這世界上甚少只有完全寒涼、完全溫熱的體質,就算你覺得自己身體寒涼,其實也未必完全沒有熱,偶爾吃點寒的食物,也可能對你身體 有幫助。
補充:很多人會想,如果寒藥熱藥一起用,這會否互相抵消了?這要看藥物的特性。由於藥物的作用部位趨勢不同,如果寒藥走上、熱藥走下,那樣是不會衝突「抵消」的;但是如果兩者作用部位相同,那就可能會抵消了。 如果寒熱食物一起吃,道理也是一樣的。


5. 別忘記,人是活的!

人是一個有機體,不是你身體有熱,就必須要吃寒涼,身體也可能透過各種方法調節過來啊!例如體內積熱,之後見到小便黃了,這個小便黃,一方面反映你 裡面有熱,另一方面也是將你體內的熱,排出體外的方法!又比如你吃熱氣東西太多,之後長痤瘡了,其實痤瘡排膿也是一種驅除熱毒的方法。
傳統中醫看待食物,並非如你想象中,那麼講究寒熱的!筆者作為中醫師,平常吃飯時實在不太執著於食物的寒熱。只要懂得一般飲食的法則,多吃素、少吃肉,飲食清淡簡單,那就可以了。(當然這些法則還有不少,需要懂得傳統智慧,並非隨便亂吃。)
身體的寒熱,並非自己感覺體寒就必須要吃溫熱的食物,反之亦然,太過擔心飲食寒熱的問題,這種「擔心」反而會讓人生病啊!學習減少飲食的煩惱,回歸簡單的飲食生活,才是養生的一大學問。

2014年8月12日 星期二

用蔬果精力湯打造彩虹人生 - 健康兩點靈2013.09月刊

用蔬果精力湯打造彩虹人生 - 健康兩點靈2013.09月刊

http://vitagrace.pixnet.net/blog/post/238149650

想讓自己更美麗、更健康、更長壽、打造彩虹一般的人生嗎?
那你每天的飲食也得像彩虹一樣,五顏六色、多采多姿。

科學家發現蔬果、穀類 和豆類這些植物性食物,除了維生素、礦物質之外,還含有豐富的「植物化學素」(phytochemicals,簡稱:植化素),這種存在植物性食物中的化 學成分,不僅賦予蔬果繽紛的色彩,還可以幫助人類對抗疾病、提升免疫力、減緩老化,甚至具有多重抗癌效果。
陳月卿-用蔬果精力湯打造彩虹人生

【吃各色蔬果 防癌不用花大錢】

植物化學素的防癌功效已經證實的有八種,包括提升免疫力、誘導癌細胞良性分化、抑制癌血管增生、促進癌細胞凋亡、抗氧化作用、抑制癌細胞訊息傳遞、對抗癌細胞增生、含植物性類激素,可以抑制荷爾蒙相關的癌症成長,以及膳食纖維可以降低腸道致癌作用。
這些寶貴的抗癌成分就藏在各種五顏六色的蔬果、穀類和豆類之中,不同顏色的植化素具有不同的功能。藍紫色能增進記憶力、抗老化、保護泌尿系統、對抗 癌症。紅色保護心血管、避免泌尿道感染、強化黏膜組織、對抗癌症。黃色保持肌膚彈性、保護視力、提高免疫力、對抗癌症。綠色維持視力健康、強化骨骼牙齒、 對抗癌症。白色維持正常血壓、降低膽固醇、提高新陳代謝、對抗癌症。
就像番茄中含有大量的茄紅素;紫紅色的葡萄、黑莓、藍莓等含有前花青素和多酚類;橙色的胡蘿蔔、芒果、南瓜等含有類胡蘿蔔素;黃色的香瓜、柳丁、木 瓜、橘子含有隱黃素與類黃酮。菠菜、酪梨、含有葉黃素與玉米黃素;綠色的花椰菜、白菜、芥藍菜含有硫配糖體;白色的蒜、大蒜、洋蔥等含有丙烯硫醚。多數的 全穀及豆類食物,含有豐富的皂角甘,可以中和腸道中的一些致癌酵素。真的是小兵立大功,只要多吃這些「平價的靈芝草」,防癌、抗癌並不需要花大錢,還可以 變青春、抗老化。
  彩虹植化素作用表  
 (圖片來源:癌症關懷基金會/小樂活快報【彩虹蔬果 全食物寶劍】)
【連皮帶籽吃 攝取植化素最大值】
可惜我們吃蔬果也像吃全穀一樣,常把最營養的部分給扔了。像葡萄皮含有能抗癌的白藜蘆醇,能預防腦血管疾病的單寧,葡萄籽含有花青素,具有抗氧化、 增強肝機能、保護心血管等功能,但大家通常只吃果肉,卻把營養豐富的皮和籽吐掉。而一顆蘋果蘊藏了389種植化素,其中多數存在皮中,削掉皮營養就損失很 多;一條紅蘿蔔也有490多種植化素,當然薄薄的皮和皮下含量最多。
蔬果的皮是植物抵擋風吹、日曬、蟲咬的防護罩,也是植化素最豐富的部位;果核、種子是植物繁衍生命的中心,含有最密集的營養成分。所以攝取蔬果最好的方式,就是連皮帶籽吃全食物,而且最好每天各種顏色的蔬果全吃到。
 彩虹蔬果精力湯
【攪拌利吸收 減身體消化負擔】
這對忙碌的現代人可真不簡單。怎麼吃最好呢?同樣吃這些平價的靈芝草,並因此改善自己健康、又幫助很多人恢復健康的生機飲食倡導者安.威格摩爾博士認為:「攪拌」(Blending)是最好的方式,這種方式對生病的或健康的人都有很大的好處。
對病人來說,攪碎的食物容易消化、吸收,可以減少身體負擔,把體力花在幫助身體痊癒上。生病的人除了所患的疾病,多半還伴隨嚴重的消化問題,迫切需要能有效解決營養吸收的辦法,「攪拌」就是最佳解決方案,因為它可以很容易讓身體吸收所需的完整營養。
如果沒生病,「攪拌」則可以讓你維持健康,攪碎的充滿生機的食物,富含維他命、礦物質、酵素、和膳食纖維,容易消化、吸收,能供應更多能量,讓身體保持巔峰狀態。所以,一起來喝全食物精力湯吧!以下介紹兩道含有豐富植化素精力湯。
藍莓優格精力湯
藍莓優格精力湯  
食材:(成品約1000cc,4人份)
蘋果 2顆、藍莓 60g、杏仁 10g、核桃 10g、亞麻仁籽 1大匙、小麥胚芽 1大匙、綠茶粉 1/2大匙、石榴汁 50cc、原味優酪乳 100cc、好水 250cc

作法:
1.將蘋果、藍莓、石榴汁、杏仁、核桃、亞麻仁籽、小麥胚芽、綠茶粉及冷開水置入容杯中,蓋緊杯蓋,打50秒。
 

2.打開杯蓋,倒入原味優酪乳,蓋緊杯蓋,啟動電源,利用調速鈕由1轉至10,再由10轉回1,來回3次,利用轉速變化攪拌食材即完成。
叮嚀:
能減少化療腹瀉、噁心、嘔吐等副作用。

備註:此道利用Vitamix TNC全營養調理機基座中間調速鈕,方便將後加入的優酪乳與精力湯快速混合均勻。除了用來攪拌外,也可切碎食材或製作某些料理的顆粒口感,如: 銀耳燕窩、棗泥核桃露、五穀鹹粥...等。

周華山博士:政治與靈修

周華山博士:政治與靈修 (上節)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M_1WXpIXBQ&feature=player_detailpage


周華山博士:政治與靈修 (下節) 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEz5MpKEfqw&feature=player_detailpage


2014年8月10日 星期日

Gamma-linolenic acid [大痳籽油主要的脂肪酸]

Explanation of GLA (Omega-6) [大痳籽油主要的脂肪酸]
LA --> GLA --> AA


http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/gammalinolenic-acid


Overview

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid that is found mostly in plant based oils such as borrage seed oil, evening primrose oil, and black currant seed oil. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids: They are necessary for human health, but the body can’t make them -- you have to get them through food. Along with omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids play a crucial role in brain function, as well as normal growth and development. Also known as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), they help stimulate skin and hair growth, maintain bone health, regulate metabolism, and maintain the reproductive system.

There are several different types of omega-6 fatty acids. Most omega-6 fatty acids in the diet come from vegetable oils in the form of linoleic acid (LA). The body converts linoleic acid to GLA and then to arachidonic acid (AA). GLA can be gotten from several plant based oils including evening primrose oil, borage oil, and black currant seed oil. Most of these oils also contain some linoleic acid.

A healthy diet contains a balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation, and some omega-6 fatty acids tend to promote inflammation. The typical American diet tends to contain 14 - 25 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids. Many nationally oriented physicians blame this high rate of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids for the preponderance of inflammatory diseases in society.
Not all omega-6 fatty acids behave the same. Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) tend to be unhealthy because they promote inflammation. GLA, on the other hand, may actually reduce inflammation.

Much of the GLA taken as a supplement is converted to a substance called DGLA that fights inflammation. Having enough of certain nutrients in the body (including magnesium, zinc, and vitamins C, B3, and B6) helps promote the conversion of GLA to DGLA.
Many experts find the science supporting the use of omega-3 fatty acids to reduce inflammation and prevent diseases to be much stronger than that supporting GLA.

Uses

Some preliminary clinical research suggests that GLA may be useful for the following conditions:

Diabetic neuropathy
Some studies show that taking gamma linolenic acid (GLA) for 6 months or more may reduce symptoms of nerve pain in people with diabetic neuropathy. People who have good blood sugar control may find GLA more effective than those with poor blood sugar control.

Rheumatoid arthritis
Studies are mixed as to whether evening primrose oil helps reduce symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Some preliminary evidence suggests evening primrose oil may reduce pain, swelling, and morning stiffness, but other studies have found no effect. When using GLA for arthritis symptoms, it may take 1 - 3 months to see any benefit. It is unlikely that evening primrose oil would help stop progression of the disease, so joint damage could still occur.

Allergies
GLA from evening primrose oil or other sources has a longstanding history of folk use for allergies. And women and children who are prone to allergies appear to have lower levels of GLA in breast milk and blood. However, there is no good scientific evidence that taking GLA helps reduce allergy symptoms. Well conducted research studies are needed.
Before you decide to try GLA for allergies, speak with your health care provider to determine if it is safe for you. Then track your allergy symptoms closely for any signs of improvement or lack of improvement.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Clinical studies suggest that children with ADHD have lower levels of essential fatty acids (EFAs), both omega-6s and omega-3s. EFAs are important to normal brain and behavioral function. Some studies suggest that taking fish oil (containing omega-3 fatty acids) may help reduce ADHD symptoms, though the studies have not been well designed. Studies that used evening primrose oil have found it was no better than placebo at reducing symptoms.

Breast cancer
One study found that women with breast cancer who took GLA had a better response to tamoxifen (a drug used to treat estrogen sensitive breast cancer) than those who took only tamoxifen.

Eczema
Evidence is mixed as to whether evening primrose oil can help reduce symptoms of eczema. Some early studies found it did, but they were not well designed. Later studies that examined people who took evening primrose oil for 16 - 24 weeks found no improvement in symptoms. If you want to try evening primrose oil, talk to your health care provider about whether it is safe for you to try.

High blood pressure (Hypertension)
There is some preliminary evidence that GLA may help reduce high blood pressure, either alone or in combination with the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found in fish oil. In one study, men with borderline high blood pressure who took 6g of blackcurrant oil had a reduction in diastolic blood pressure compared to those who took placebo.

Another study examined people with intermittent claudication, pain in the legs while walking that is caused by blockages in the blood vessels. Those who took GLA combined with EPA had a reduction in systolic blood pressure compared to those who took placebo.
More research is needed to see whether GLA is truly effective for hypertension.

Menopausal symptoms
Evening primrose oil has gained popularity as a way to treat hot flashes associated with menopause, but so far studies have not shown that it works. If you want to try evening primrose oil for hot flashes and night sweats, ask your health care provider whether it is safe and right for you.

Mastalgia
Some evidence suggests that evening primrose oil may reduce breast pain and tenderness in people with cyclic mastalgia. It may also help reduce symptoms to a lesser extent in people with non cyclic mastalgia. However, it does not seem to be effective for severe breast pain.

Osteoporosis
Some studies suggest that people who don’t get enough of some essential fatty acids (particularly EPA and GLA) are more likely to have bone loss than those with normal levels of these fatty acids. In a study of women over 65 with osteoporosis, those who took EPA and GLA supplements had less bone loss over 3 years than those who took placebo. Many of these women also experienced an increase in bone density.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Although most studies have found no effect, some women report relief of PMS symptoms when using GLA. The symptoms that seem to be helped the most are breast tenderness and feelings of depression, as well as irritability and swelling and bloating from fluid retention.

Dietary Sources

GLA is found in the plant seed oils of evening primrose, black currant, borage, and fungal oils. Spirulina (often called blue green algae) also contains GLA.

Available Forms

GLA supplements are made from evening primrose oil as well as black currant seed and borage seed oils. Most GLA supplements are capsules containing oil. Evening primrose oil has been the most researched source of GLA.
Generally, high quality oil will be certified as organic by a reputable third party, packaged in light resistant containers, refrigerated, and marked with a freshness date.

How to Take It

For your overall health, you should get a balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. There is much disagreement in the nutrition field about what constitutes the proper ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in one's diet. The average diet provides plenty of omega-6 fatty acids, so most people don’t need supplements. People with specific conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, arthritis, diabetes, or breast tenderness (mastalgia), may want to ask their health care providers about taking omega-6 supplements.
Pediatric
For nursing infants: Infants should get enough essential fatty acids in breast milk if the mother is eating a balanced diet.
Adult
Dosage and form will vary based on the condition of the patient. Black currant oil and borage oil are often delivered in gel caps. Speak to your physician to determine the most effective dose for your condition.

Precautions

Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, dietary supplements should be taken only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider.

Do not take omega-6 fatty acids if you have a seizure disorder. Several reports describe seizures in people taking evening primrose oil. Some of these seizures developed in people with a previous seizure disorder, or in people taking evening primrose oil in combination with anesthetics. People who plan to have surgery requiring anesthesia should stop taking evening primrose oil 2 weeks ahead of time.

Pregnant women should not take borage seed oil, and possibly other sources of GLA, because they may harm the fetus and induce early labor. Talk with your physician.
Avoid doses of GLA greater than 3,000 mg per day. High levels may increase inflammation in the body.

Side effects of evening primrose oil can include occasional headache, abdominal pain, nausea, and loose stools. In animal studies, GLA is reported to decrease blood pressure. Early results in human studies do not show consistent changes in blood pressure.
Laboratory studies suggest that omega-6 fatty acids, such as the fat found in corn oil, promote the growth of prostate tumor cells. Until more research is done, health care professionals recommend not taking omega-6 fatty acids, including GLA, if you are at risk for or have prostate cancer.

Possible Interactions

If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use omega-6 supplements without first talking to your health care provider.
Blood thinning medications -- People taking blood thinning medications should not take omega-6 fatty acid supplements without consulting a health care provider. Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of bleeding. These medications include:
  • Warfarin (Coumadin)
  • Clopidogrel (Plavix)
  • Aspirin
Ceftazidime -- Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) may increase the effectiveness of ceftazidime. Ceftazidinme, an antibiotic in a class known as cephalosporins, is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.

Chemotherapy for cancer -- GLA may increase the effects of anti cancer treatments, such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, carboplatin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, tamoxifen, vincristine, and vinblastine.

Cyclosporine -- Cyclosporine is a medication used to suppress the immune system after organ transplant. Taking omega-6 fatty acids with cyclosporine may increase the immunosuppressive effects of this medication. It may also protect against kidney damage (a potential side effect from this medication).

Phenothiazines -- People taking a class of medications called phenothiazines to treat schizophrenia should not take evening primrose oil. Evening primrose oil may interact with these medications and increase the risk of seizures. The same may be true for other omega-6 supplements. These medications include:
  • Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
  • Fluphenazine (Stelazine)
  • Perphenazine (Trilafon)
  • Promethazine (Compazine)
  • Thioridazine (Mellaril)

Supporting Research

Attar-Bashi NM, Li D, Sinclair AJ. Alpha-linolenic acid and the risk of prostate cancer. Lipids. 2004;39(9):929-32.
Das UN. Essential fatty acids and their metabolites could function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase and ACE enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cardioprotective molecules. Lipids Health Dis. 2008 Oct 15;7:37. Review.
Freeman VL, Meydani M, Hur K, Flanigan RC. Inverse association between prostatic polyunsaturated fatty acid and risk of locally advanced prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(12):2744-54.
Geppert J, Demmelmair H, Hornstra G, Koletzko B. Co-supplementation of healthy women with fish oil and evening primrose oil increases plasma docosahexaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels without reducing arachidonic acid concentrations. Br J Nutr. 2008 Feb;99(2):360-9.
Kankaanpaa P, Nurmela K, Erkkila A, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in maternal diet, breast milk, and serum lipid fattty acids of infants in relation to atopy. Allergy. 2001;56(7):633-638.
Kast RE. Borage oil reduction of rheumatoid arthritis activity may be mediated by increased cAMP that suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001;1(12):2197-2199.
Kenny FS, Pinder SE, Ellis IO et al. Gamma linolenic acid with tamoxifen as primary therapy tn breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2000;85:643-648.
Kong X, Ge H, Chen L, et al. Gamma-linolenic acid modulates the response of multidrug-resistant K562 leukemic cells to anticancer drugs. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009; 23(4):634-9.
Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl):179S-188S.
Little C, Parsons T. Herbal therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD002948.
Manjari V, Das UN. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on dexamethasone-induced gastric mucosal damage. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000;62(2):85-96.
Menendez JA, del Mar Barbacid M, Montero S, et al. Effects of gamma-linolenic acid and oleic acid on paclitaxel cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cells. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:402-413.
Miyake JA. Gamma-linolenic acid inhibits both tumour cell cycle progression and angiogenesis in the orthotopic C6 glioma model through changes in VEGF, Flt1, ERK1/2, MMP2, cyclin D1, pRb, p53 and p27 protein expression. Lipids Health Dis. 2009; 8:8.
Remans PH, Sont JK, Wagenaar LW, Wouters-Wesseling W, Zuijderduin WM, et al. Nutrient supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and biochemical effects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;58(6):839-45.
Richardson AJ, Puri BK. The potential role of fatty acids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2000;63(1/2):79-87.
Senapati S, Banerjee S, Gangopadhyay DN. Evening primrose oil is effective in atopic dermatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008 Sep-Oct;74(5):447-52.
Srivastava A, Mansel RE, Arvind N, Prasad K, Dhar A, Chabra A. Evidence-based management of Mastalgia: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Breast. 2007 Oct;16(5):503-12.
Wakai K, Okamoto K, Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Nakayama T, Ohno Y. Seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and fatty acid intake: a cross-sectional study in Japan. Ann Epidemiol. 2001;11(1):59-64.
Worm M, Henz BM. Novel unconventional therapeutic approaches to atopic eczema. Dermatology. 2000;201(3):191-195.

Alternative Names

GLA

Version Info

  • Last Reviewed on 07/10/2011
  • Reviewed by Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

2014年8月5日 星期二

人和工程師 (下) | 楊大偉 | 東周刊 8月5日

佛家常說「凡所有相皆是虛妄」,講得再漂亮,寫得再動人,最終都不及行動最實際。在今時今日太多人「吹水不抹嘴」的年代,實幹的人往往才是團隊最難得的資產。
這兩星期的「人和工程師」系列,是特別dedicated給整個Green Monday與及所有和我一起共事的優秀團隊!
 

-----------------------------------------------------
人和工程師 (下) | 楊大偉 | 東周刊 8月5日


筆者一向認為,招聘不應只局限於面試應徵,就如請廚師我們會試他做的菜,請司機我們會試他那手車一樣。若以Green Monday為例,我們講環保、講健康、還當然要講飲講食,而要看一個人有幾Green,有幾識食、為食,面試都不會是適當的場所,在現實生活中觀察出來 的「軟履歷」才比較靠譜。

就以筆者的年輕同事Ray為例,他是個寡言、不太善於表達的人,假如透過正常途徑應徵的話,他會是很容易被看漏眼的那一種。但對談只是表達的一種方式,一 次筆者在誠品做分享會,完場後如常有朋友過來閒談和合照,Ray當晚是其中一位觀眾,散場後他一直在旁待著,有禮貌地等筆者和其他人傾談完畢再問筆者可不 可以給他一兩分鐘。

在這麽短時間,就算吹水幾叻,也未必能說出甚麼,更何況一個不善辭令的人。但他一方面表示自己是名素食者,視推廣素食、減少世界對動物的殘忍為自己最大願 望,另一方面他拿出一份很詳盡的報告,裡面圖文並茂,有齊數據和圖表,從科學、環保、健康、愛護動物等多方面解釋素食的好處。整份報告超級專業,筆者看著 裡面的內容,完全是一份「出得大場面」的完成品,其中他設計的infographic更明顯放了不少心思,讓人一目了然,絕對可以套用在Green Monday見夥伴或做培訓的內容之中。細問之下,Ray說整份報告從搜集資料、資料設計、到做PowerPoint都是他自己「一腳踢」包辦,他真的很 想有渠道去把這麽好的資訊讓更多人知道。

坊間有無數專家教大家如何在求職和面試過程中突出自己,但其實真正的面試,根本不限於固定的程序和環境空間,而是可以無時無刻在發生。Ray清楚知道自己 最感興趣的事業,提前做足功課,然後找機會和決策者碰面,以真才實料去表達和証明自己。在短短數分鐘的見面時間,Ray沒有拿出履歷表,沒有刻意硬銷自 己,卻足夠讓任何人感到他的誠意、耐心、實幹和能力。整個過程沒有人在「招聘」,也沒有人在「應徵」,但一次「人和工程」,卻就這樣達成了。

佛家常說「凡所有相皆是虛妄」,就是表面看到和聽到的往往未必真實。以溝通來說,大家一般會把範圍想得太窄,只聯繫到講、聽、寫和部分身體語言,卻忘了講 得再漂亮,寫得再動人,最終都不及行動最實際。在今時今日太多人「吹水不抹嘴」的年代,實幹的人往往才是團隊最難得的資產。

別以為Ray只是一個特殊例子,筆者最近就收到一封信,此信指的不是電郵,而是手寫過千字的信,表示她如何希望推廣素食和綠色生活。到和她見面時,她預備 了一個既有power亦有point的報告,感動我們整個團隊。筆者也試過在街上撞到有意加入我們義工團隊的有心人,在閒聊間發現對方的強項竟正好符合團 隊的需要,於是邀請對方加入。還有屬於我們核心團隊的Cassidy、Andy和Jackie,他們三人都曾是筆者有份當導師的佛學班學員,在Green Monday還未成立的很久之前,筆者已在不同活動和場合中,觀察到他們的同理心、領導能力和組織能力。其中Jackie除了是名素食者,她一講到食便兩 眼發光,捐窿捐嚹覓食是她的本能和興趣,結果順理成章成了今天我們和餐廳合作項目的負責人。

其實筆者作為「人和工程師」,絕不單純只扮演上司或老闆的角色,筆者同樣試過無數機緣,在無心插柳之下,令自己遇上貴人。因此說到底,只要堅持培養和自己的能力、知識、經驗和人脈,再配合有心、主動和不計較的心態,試問哪一個伯樂,會不渴求這樣的千里馬?